Ok...a LOT to unpack there.
First, if you are buying an amp, I would opt for a marine amp. The board has a coating to help the electronics withstand the humid environment. Now, having said that, if your boat is a weekend warrior and it's usually covered and dry, you might be able to get by with a normal amp for a while. My sub is a powered tube that is NOT marinized, and it's still going strong after two seasons.
Second, If you're installing an amp, and you're not setting up zones, I would probably NOT only run an amp to the tower speakers. The factory head units are very underpowered, and you'll play hell trying to balance the sound between the factory speakers and the amplified tower speakers. Your best bet would be to get a six channel amp and power all of the speakers.
Lastly, most head units should have line outputs for running an amp, but if yours doesn't, and your amp supports it, then yes, you could tap in to your speaker wires as high-level inputs. But, as mentioned above, I wouldn't advise it, because I don't think you'd be happy with the sound.