Dunno, but as Mycroft Holmes said to his brother Sherlock; Remember what Father said Shirley, when everything that is plausible has been eliminated, whatever remains, however implausible has to be the answer.
Possibly you had a short duration water flow interruption that possibly caused water flow to the exhaust on that engine to be interrupted and that got the exhaust hot and caused the already loose exhaust clamp to allow the exhaust to come off, I dunno

. But for sure, flooding the engine bay with exhaust both engines to shudder and turn off due to the lack of O2.
But you’ll need to make sure you do not have a clogged water passage going to the exhaust gas cooling water mixer. The reason that plastic doesn’t normally melt is because cooling water is sprayed into the exhaust stream, aka wet exhaust, which flows through the rubber hose to the water lock. The filter screen on the jet pump has pretty small holes to filter out the bigger stuff. I’m assuming you flush religiously and thoroughly with a salt away product?
I’d make sure that the water can flow to the exhaust mixer using the flushing attachment, but be careful not to push water into the engine, you will also have to make sure that the mixer itself is not clogged.
Did you not get a bunch of water in the bilge when this all happened? Do you normally get water out of your bilge or does your bilge pump normally run when on the water?